Market structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market structure - Essay Example The Spangles treats was a fruity bubbled sweet with a slight fix about it, the bundling letters were huge bottomed text style, and they came in a few flavors. These confections were well known enough that they advanced into mainstream society through tunes, and social references. â€Å"They were propelled a couple of years prior, however didn't appear to take off. The wording on the bundling was in that huge bottomed text style, a similar one that The Goodies utilized on their opening titles.† (BBC h2g2, 2011) Available market sections incorporate, people who were brought into the world 5 years preceding the underlying arrival of these confections through people who were conceived in the late 1960’s, this would incorporate the ages of 63 †45. Another market portion could be a remote market base, the adolescent market, and potential extra markets like parody fans. Fundamental goals for advertising the Spangles marked candy is increment item mindfulness by 20% in the principal year, resuscitate the famous side inside the initial a half year, decline client protection from purchasing our item, which would prompt a 50-100 percent expansion in deals inside the main year. To achieve these objectives we should present a legitimate showcasing methodology. On account of this sweets we will need to utilize centered inclusion, and limited publicizing structures. It will be critical to present the item as an uncommon verifiable re-dispatch. An extra goal ought to be the brought issues to light of the Marsâ ® brand name because of the crusade, increments of between 10-15% ought to be acknowledged in the whole Marsâ ® line which will make the re-dispatch a triumph paying little heed to the possible result of the Spangles line itself. The cost ought to be around what it was at the hour of its pinnacle ubiquity for the underlying promoting stage; publicizing ought to be finished during the most well known long stretches of TV and radio use for the objectiv e market. Circulation ought to be finished at the mainstream shopping goals that as of now convey other Marsâ ® items. One potential methodology is to utilize shows that emphasis on Spangles as the â€Å"Candy you grew up with.† Another conceivable methodology would incorporate various flavors just as less uproarious yet still â€Å"retro† looking mark on the sweets itself. Potentially the â€Å"green† approach can be used by advancing the utilization of reused materials in the wrappings. Another methodology could be the utilization of mainstream humorists as characters advancing the social angles from a comedic perspective on TV and radio. On the off chance that the item is promoted with current mainstream society symbols as spokespersons the extra advantage would be the intrigue to the more youthful age. By creating a likely new market and by utilizing effortlessly perceived mainstream society symbols Marsâ ® might expand their piece of the overall industry not just through the re-dispatch of the Spangles bubbled desserts yet additionally expanded enthusiasm for current items. On the off chance that the advertising approach is followed the potential for name acknowledgment and extra deals of other well known Marsâ ® items should increment by 15% or more. Extra methodologies can be looked to when the underlying dispatch is finished and deals numbers have been returned. An effective re-dispatch could mean extended markets in nations where retirees

Kazaa blunder essays

Kazaa screw up papers Kazaa is demonstrative of E-Commerce I since it was innovation driven. The entire framework was run from a product structure of a Swedish and Dutch architect. The base of Kazaa was present day innovation. Income development was not the gigantic piece of Kazaa. It did anyway cause income from having large enterprises to promote on their site, yet they didn't produce a lot of income from its clients. In the first place Kazaa was ungoverned. When recording organizations started to jump up and hit the organization with copyright encroachments, it immediately turned out to be increasingly more represented, prompting its end. I don't accept that kazaa was absolutely an innovative endeavor, since Napster was established and showcased before Kazaa existed. One final attribute of E-Commerce I was that Kazaa had an unadulterated online system. It realized its objective market and got one of the most mainstream distributed locales throughout the entire existence of the web. With respect to E-Co mmerce II, Kazaa was unquestionably business driven. They didn't have the shopper as a primary concern for their benefit making, rather the corporate huge names like Microsoft and Net Flix (to give some examples). It held a specific accentuation on benefits, in spite of the fact that it was anything but an enormous accentuation. As Kazaa developed and more contention stimulate, it appeared to have more administration and more grounded guidelines. I feel this was on the grounds that when it was a hot issue about a year or so prior, it was secured on the news nearly n a consistent schedule. Ultimately I feel that kazaa had enormous adherent quality, straight up to the end. I can review the cases were the legislature was fining a 13-year-old kids on their PCs for downloading unlawful music. Dangers were made to the buyer, yet they despite everything continued with Kazaa, particularly the school swarm. As expressed previously, Kazaa brought in their cash through contribution publicizing on the site. As clarified before, Kazaa falls into the two classifications of E-Commerce I The innovative advances of shared innovation are many. The straightforwardness... <!

Obamas Visiting MIT!

Obama’s Visiting MIT! You may recall back in March of this year there were a couple blog posts that mentioned MIT President Susan Hockfields trip to the White House to join President Obama talk about clean energy research (video below). Now, hes returning the favor and coming to visit us this Friday! Pretty exciting stuff. Regardless of your political views, I think a visit to campus from the President is pretty darn special. Of course, it sounds like with the limited space in our largest auditorium (seats ~1300 people), it wont hold everyone who will want to come hear him speak, so theyre going to ticket the event by invitation only with a preference towards studentsbut it sounds like for everyone else, theyll be webcasting the event live on campus too. The subtitle of this entry was also my stretched attempt at trying to tie in a completely unrelated, but also important topic that comes up every year. Typically, in September and October each year, we travel across the country to give presentations about MIT. And, many folks come visit MITs campus, whether its for a couple hours or a couple days. Usually, when people come to our presentations when were on the road, or come visit campus, we have a sign-in for students where people check off their name or fill out a form with their information. Why do we do this? Well, its really just for us to keep track of how many people came to the event. That way, the next year, we can try as best as we can to find a venue thats the appropriate size. Also, by collecting or confirming your contact info, it lets us know who you are and that you might be interested in learning more about MIT. Of course, the natural follow-up question to that is often, so does visiting campus or coming to an MIT presentation help my admissions chances at all? This is certainly a valid question, as some colleges do track this type of information and use it in their admissions decisions. For those colleges, seeing that you came to a presentation or visited campus shows that you have an expressed interest in the school, and they try to use that piece of data to gauge your level of interest when deciding whom to admit. But for MIT, that is simply not true. Sure, we analyze the data to figure out whether the recruitment were doing is working, and how we can potentially improve what we do on an annual basis, but at no point does information about whether you came to a presentation or visited campus have an impact on your admissions decision. We know that not every student has the time, money, or means to come visit and thats perfectly fine. Theres certainly value in coming to visit campus for you to learn about and experience MIT, but for our admissions process, it has zero effect on your chances of being admitted no worries. So rest assured, even if Barack Obama was applying to MIT this year, the fact that hes coming to visit campus on Friday doesnt mean hed have a better chance of being admitted. Truly. (Although, Im pretty sure he wont be applying I think hes got some other job hes busy with for at least the next 3 years)

John Locke and Karl Marx on Social Justice - 812 Words

Social justice is how justice is served throughout a society as a whole or to its classes. Various unique ideas on creating a just society have been established throughout history. Two of the more well-known concepts are those of Locke and Marx. While both have their ideas for a Just State, they are both very different within their aspects. John Lockes views on social justice and a just state began with his belief that all humans are governed by what he calls natural laws and are protected by their inalienable personal rights. Our inalienable rights are life, liberty, health, and property. They are considered inalienable rights because they are God-given, and ideally, no other human could ever have the right to remove or threaten†¦show more content†¦In Lockes just society, this state works for the needs of the people, as their servant, and if they dont work up to the standards of their social contract, or agreement, the state can be dismissed by way of a revolution. The po litical state was formed with a main purpose of protecting and effectively carrying out God’s law of nature. To guarantee this, several things were required. First, it needed to be clearly expressed to ensure a universal understanding of the law. Second, Judges needed to be appointed to perform different interpretations of the law and to â€Å"check† and â€Å"balance† each other out, eliminating any biases. Last, there must be a substantial amount of power to enforce the law; otherwise, it would not be effective. Locke believed it necessary to have different branches of government. Each would have their certain powers and duties specific to their branch. These branches include the legislative, executive, and federative. The legislative branch was in charge of creating and interpreting kaws for the society. The executive branch was to put the laws into effect. Finally, the federative branch was responsible for making war and keeping peace. John Locke believes t hat a just society is one based on the ideas of liberalism. However, Karl Marx disagrees, insisting that it is one based on communism, which was built upon the ideas of socialism. In a society based onShow MoreRelatedHobbes Vs. Marx On Government s First Duty1038 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Sauter World History – Block G 15 December 2014 Topic #1 – Hobbes vs. Locke vs. Marx â€Å"Government’s first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives,† said Ronald Reagan. Some political philosophies like John Locke would agree to this statement, while other, like Thomas Hobbes would not, and some will both agree and disagree, like Karl Marx. You will come to learn why the â€Å"social contract† of John Locke is the best through the review of all three philosophers main ideas on governmentRead MoreThe Political Philosophies Of Thomas Hobbes913 Words   |  4 PagesHobbes, John Locke, and Karl Marx all vary in their political philosophies: Thomas Hobbes focused on the power with one, central, absolute monarch, â€Å"upon one man† or â€Å"one assembly of men†; John Locke emphasized that government not rule over the natural rights of every being, and that they are apart from â€Å"any superior power†; and Karl Marx outlined the government leading economic exchanges so that the â€Å"common people† could pros per, as mentioned in The Communist Manifesto. Of all, the ideas of John LockeRead MoreJohn Locke versus Karl Marx Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesTwo of the most influential and celebrated modern political thinkers, Karl Marx and John Locke, have made countless insightful and compelling arguments, expressing their ideas on various conditions of the individual, state, and the interactions between the two. Marx was a German political thinker who was best known for his works with idea of communism and social class divisions. Locke was an English philosopher famous for his social contract and is known as the Father of Liberalism (CITE). Despite theRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s The Leviathan Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagesevil, his theories also stated how they can be kept under control. He argued if countries were establish powerful and strict government, the people would have no choice but maintain order. He also believed that they should enter a social contract. When signing the Social Contract, you agree to give up your freedom for the better of the society. In other words, the government places limitations on you for everything. In the quote from Leviathan, he talks about the transfer of power and strength fromRead MoreMarx s Views On Private Property1157 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction English philosopher John Locke and German philosopher Karl Marx seem completely opposed in their views of private property. While Locke believes that private property is a natural right, Marx believes that private property should be abolished. Throughout this paper, Locke’s and Marx’s individual philosophies on private property will be presented and examined. Ultimately, this paper seeks to show the similarities between these thinkers’ viewpoints on private property and demonstrateRead MoreIs Thomas More s Utopia?1374 Words   |  6 Pagesof society, looking at why people enter societies, what type of governments are most successful, and distribution of wealth among the population. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx all had varying thoughts on how to achieve social order in the societies in which they lived. Their differing notions on the issue of social order and human nature lead to contradictory solutions. In Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan, Hobbes discusses body politic which is the state collectively, an organizedRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Views On Political Philosophy Essay3649 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction: The term â€Å"Political Philosophy† is a normative study of state, government, relationships between individual and communities, laws, rights and justice. It depends on the philosophers that can be entangled with ethics, economics and also metaphysics. Political thinkers are the pioneers of â€Å"Modern Politics† in the world. The first serious political thinkers emerged in Greece. Plato and Aristotle are two great philosophers of ancient Greece. Plato in his book â€Å"The Republic† delivers theRead MoreThe Morality Of The Market System897 Words   |  4 Pagesservices and make decisions free from governmental interference. John Locke’s heavily criticized theory of Free Markets allowed government to play a limited role in markets came from the idea that human beings have a natural right to life, liberty and private property. If there were no government humans would be in a state of nature. Locke has heavily influenced the U.S. so much so that the 5th amendment quotes Locke and his viewpoint that labor creates property rights. Locke’s theory furtherRead MorePolitical Science And Political Philosophy Essay3559 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Political science is a an academic discipline. It is a part of social science which discuss about government and politics. It generally analyses the methods and policies of government. It is the systematic and analytical study of political and government institutions. The procedure and process of governmental policies is explained in political science. In order to define and analyze political science many political thinkers have given different theories. They practiced politicalRead MoreLegalizing Drug Use2273 Words   |  10 Pagesthat I will use in this critique will be Karl Marx, John Stewart Mill, and John Locke. The reason why I picked these three philosophers is because they all agree with some aspects of my writing, while disagreeing with others. One will disagree with the role of the state and the citizens, but agree with legalizing recreational drug use, while the other two will agree with the role of the state and citizens, but disagree with legalizing drug use. Karl Marx is the philosopher who would disagree with

Wildlife Conservation and Biology Essay - 1571 Words

There are 6.5 million species of land mammals. Wildlife biologists get the privilege of studying and spending time with these animals as their everyday life. I should be a wildlife biologist so I can study land mammals. Wildlife biology is a field of biology in which land animals are studied. It deals with all animals with backbones and studies individual species of wildlife, their habitats, and surrounding ecosystems (Fitzgerald). It also studies how animals may interact with their ecosystem. Without wildlife biology we would not have extensive knowledge of other animal species, and how they could be linked to humans. Wildlife conservation in the United States has been based on the Public Trust Doctrine where in wildlife and†¦show more content†¦The first national park, Yellow Stone National Park, was established in 1872 by Ulysses S. Grant (Brown). This was one of the last explored areas in the west. This establishing of a national park led to more wildlife conservation national movements. In 1887 President Roosevelt gathered a group of influential American hunters in New York to form the Boome and Crockett Club with a mission of preserving big game in North America (Brown). In the 1930’s management of wildlife resources began in earnest. Funds were mostly provided by levies on hunters (Brown). The 1930s were also the beginning of wildlife research in the United States. The leader of this effort was Aldo Leopold (Brown). Wildlife biologists need many years of schooling and hands on experience to become experts at their jobs. Altogether with bachelors, masters, and doctorate degrees, it is close to 12-14 years. Each university is different in how many credit hours are needed. The areas are general biology, ecology, genetics, cellular biology, evolution, wildlife management, and fisheries management (Everyday Life). Deciding on a school is based on what area I want to work in. If I want to be a marine biologist, schools on the coasts of o ceans are the best for me to go to. To become a wildlife biologist, colleges with programs that focus on land mammals are the best option. One college that is very popular for this study is Texas A and M University. Texas A and M University is constantly ranked amongShow MoreRelatedLoss of Species Due to the Biodiversity Crisis1040 Words   |  4 PagesThe seriousness of the current ‘biodiversity crisis’ and the increasingly loss of species diversity have aroused the boldness in conservationists to propose not so conservative solutions. Such as an attempt to restore in our present environment the wildlife diversity lost in the Pleistocene period. This proposal is incited by Donlan et al. (2006) that â€Å"call for restoration of missing ecological functions and evolutionary potential of lost North American megafauna using extant conspecifics and relatedRead MoreConsequences of Urban Sprawl701 Words   |  3 Pages urban life imposes difficult and restrictive conditi on that can have detrimental effects on wildlife. Among all the major urban-associated factors, one has recently received a lot of attention: Anthropogenic noise. Expanding urbanization had led to a strong increase in the levels of background noise and there is increasing evidence that noise pollution can have a collection of harmful effect on wildlife, especially birds because they considerably rely on acoustic communication. Urban noise is characterizedRead MoreOutline Template for Apa Guidelines1075 Words   |  5 Pagesstate parks | |Central Idea: |Jet skis should be banned in national and state parks because they make too much noise, | | |harm the environment, and harass wildlife. | INTRODUCTION I. Attention Material A. This is a jet ski [PowerPoint slide will be shown]. 1. Some people love them and want to use them on all waterways. 2.Read MoreThe Importance Of A Foreign Country Has Changed My Life1057 Words   |  5 Pagesinternational students. It was more that this program picked me then I picked this program. My field of study at Ohio University is Wildlife and Conservation Biology. As I looked through programs it was extremely difficult to find a program with classes that would work for my major. This was the only program that offered a variety of courses specifically related to wildlife and ecology. It also worked out well financially since the program’s cost was lower than average. Though this course might haveRead MoreTemperature Mediated Moose Survival1389 Words   |  6 Pages2009 Summary Complete citation. Author(s), Date of publication, Title, Journal, Volume #, pages (1pt) Lenarz, M. S., Nelson, M. E., Schrage, M. W., Edwards, A. J. (2009). Temperature Mediated Moose Survival in Northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management, 73(4), 503-510. Key question(s) being addressed (1pt) â€Å"Our primary objective was to estimate annual and seasonal survival rates in adult moose in northeastern Minnesota and determine whether heat stress explained variation in theseRead MoreGenetically Vigorous Populations Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagestolerance of environmental extremes, dispersal and colonizing ability, the timing of seasonal and annual cycles (phenology), disease resistance, and many other traits†¦to ignore genetic variation is to ignore one of the fundamental forces that shape the biology of living organisms† (Falk, D., Knapp, E., Guerrant, E., 2001). Genetic diversity also affords different organisms to change with the ever-changing environment around them. Environmental variation, over time, is known as natural or historic rangeRead MoreThe Impact of Sea Otters on Marine Ecology Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesincluded in the Wildlife Management Endangered Species list to protect them from further deterioration. It is only through widespread co nservative measures that sea otters can be saved and their optimal populations restored. This would in turn lead to the preservation of coastal marine ecology and biodiversity through the preservation of kelp communities. Implications of including sea otters in the endangered list Considering the impact of sea otters on marine ecology, their conservation under theRead MoreEssay about Impact of Sea Otters on Community Ecology1487 Words   |  6 Pageskelp. Within a year of incursion of sea otters, the area became mostly free of sea urchins and beds of giant kelp Macrocystis and other seaweeds were abundant (â€Å"Interaction with kelps and sea otters†). Sea otters must be included in the Wildlife Management Endangered Species list to protect them from further deterioration. It is only through widespread conservative measures that sea otters can be saved and their optimal populations restored. This would in Read MoreThe Importance Of Leniency On Permit Requirements1263 Words   |  6 Pages The FWC states that it is â€Å"a popular myth† that an animal can be easily relocated (â€Å"Relocating Wildlife†, n.d.). Relocating wildlife can cause stress (and thus compromise their immune system), expose them to an area where they have no experience, expose them up to territory disputes, expose them to the risk that recipient sites may not be completely suitable, and spread disease (â€Å"Relocating Wildlife†, n.d.). â€Å"Although RRT [Relocation, Repatriation, and Translocation] programs may work under certainRead MoreHuman Involvement And Human Intervention1225 Words   |  5 Pagesof a variety of factors, such as lack of genetic diversity and human conflict, there are only three free-ranging bison herds in the US. These include Yellowstone Park, Henry’s mountains and Book Cliff herds in Southern Utah (NWF 1). The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) is working to return wild bison to their homes in Montana. In figure 1, one can see how a bison herd is thriving in its environment by feeding on grass and shrubs, in Montana. This shows how a particular species fits into a certain

An Essay on Tahitians and Europeans in the Voyage of Bougainville Free Essays

string(81) " Tahitians may be regarded as â€Å"immoral† and â€Å"barbaric† to say the least\." The Voyage of Bougainville tells of a story about a voyage into the island of Tahiti which was led by Bougainville. His group wandered and stayed in this island for a period of time during which they were welcomed by its natives, Tahitians, with overwhelming hospitality, and a degree of trust, due to their innocence and ignorance of the ways and motives of Europeans. They offered them their women as a welcome gesture. We will write a custom essay sample on An Essay on Tahitians and Europeans in the Voyage of Bougainville or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their stay, however, had manifested a great degree of difference in morals, customs, ways and beliefs between Tahitians and Europeans, and had irked the ire of their Chieftain. The differences between these cultures became even more evident through the discourse between Orou, a Tahitian, and the European Chaplain. It may be said that Tahitians lead a savage life, a way of life that is ‘near the origin of the world,’ whereas Europeans live in a society with a ‘complicated mechanism’ brought about by its advanced culture. Clearly, the difference is remarkable to say the least. But Tahitians and Europeans, similarly, had beliefs, customs, and morals that they religiously followed however different they were. We shall discuss extensively their differences, and how they will be manifested and supported through an examination of their lifestyles, practices, customs, and beliefs. As Tahitians greatly held the law of nature as superior, the Europeans believe without a doubt, and with great conviction, that the law of God was absolute and supreme, above all else. They likewise held different views in how to live their lives, whereas Europeans were great achievers of material gains and human knowledge, Tahitians were happy with the basic necessities of life. They did not want anything more than what they needed. Perhaps, citizens of modern society would view the seemingly extreme beliefs and morals of Tahitians as barbaric, especially in their views towards sexual act, child bearing and the union between men and women. On the other hand, they regarded the beliefs and customs of Europeans as going against the ways of nature, illogical, and hypocritical. Tahitians viewed their women differently from that of familiar Europeans, including that of physical attributes in general. What may be important and beautiful to the modern world held no importance and were valueless in the eyes of the Tahitians. These points of differences merit point by point discussion, as well as their potential similarities. Basic vs. Excess Historically, Europeans have always gone to great lengths to widen its reach in land and territory; improved on skills and knowledge; increased its sources for food, among many reasons. In fact, they have traveled all over the globe, to lands yet unexplored in search for things that they thought they needed or wanted, that were not available in their native lands, or to lay claim on those lands that they found, whether or not these land have inhabitants. They strived hard and worked towards their worldly goals in the hope that these will enrich their lives. These desires to explore, to know and to claim in excess of what they had, paved way for Europeans to acquire reaches and influence of great magnitude, perhaps, even having been instrumental in populating half the world. On the other hand, the Tahitians were content in their own part of the world, without a care to the goings on of the people in other parts of the globe. They were happy in their land and had no wish to explore and gain worldly possessions outside of what their native land could offer, their isolation had been instrumental in their innocence. However ignorant they may be of worldly knowledge, as they hold no importance to it, they were not desirous of it or in want of anything else. As the Tahitian chieftain has remarked upon Bougainville’s and his troop’s departure from Tahiti, Europeans brought over to their land was only chaos and confusion in return to their hospitality. They were certain that they would never barter their ignorance for the Europeans’ â€Å"useless† knowledge, as it would do them no good in their desire to remain grounded and maintain the basic necessities of life. To Tahitians, if a people has enough food to feed themselves, then they should not want for anything more, they gave utmost importance to their basic needs alone, all else were unimportant. They lived in order to be happy, and exerted effort only so slightly to provide their basic needs; in fact, they reduced work to the barest minimum, as much as possible, to enjoy more of life. However, the Chieftain of Tahiti was troubled by the Europeans as they brought with them customs and beliefs which inadvertently influenced his people to react differently regarding their traditional customs. In his mind, the European’s imaginary needs, that is, outside of their basic necessities, would only be cause for trouble to the simple Tahitians. Clearly, each side of the two widely different cultures offer insight to their principles by which we could see that they bear virtues and reason, albeit, different ones. These two cultures were as far from each other as could ever be, but they were similarly obedient in their ways and customs. It was worth noting, though, that the Europeans seemed to be more receptive of the culture of Tahiti, contrary to the Tahitians who were more set in their beliefs. Based on the discourse between the Chaplain and Orou, the Tahitian native, the Chaplain had expressed understanding and desire to learn the reasons behind the other person’s culture, he showed some degree of acceptance of the other’s culture, as well. On the other hand, Orou expressed utter disbelief to European culture and strongly expressed that he could not understand the reason for their beliefs and customs. Exclusivity vs. Freedom In the eyes of an ordinary person, living in a regular, ordinary modern world, the ways, customs, beliefs and practices of Tahitians may be regarded as â€Å"immoral† and â€Å"barbaric† to say the least. You read "An Essay on Tahitians and Europeans in the Voyage of Bougainville" in category "Essay examples" It is important to note that Tahitians did not regard the act of sexual activity with any form of malice. What to Europeans was a topic of utmost sensitivity and acts done in a supremely private environment was to Tahitians an act done in perfect freedom and absence of restraints. For young men and women of Tahiti, losing their virginity was a part of the rite of passage to adulthood, when they reached the right age of procreation, they were publicly celebrated in a ceremony that were open for all to see. This custom must have been an amazing shock to the â€Å"morals† of the European visitors. After all, such a practice was unheard of especially in a society where openly talking about sexual activities was a taboo, and the act itself was regarded with malice. A public display of such an act as was normal to Tahitians must, to a certain degree, offended the sensibilities of the Europeans whose sexual activities were always kept behind closed doors. According to the Tahitian Chieftain, due to this crooked â€Å"morals† and belief, the foreigners had inadvertently planted the shadows of malice into the heads of young men and women, regarding sex. After their arrival, young men and women have started to â€Å"blush† and became â€Å"uncomfortable† about the ceremony of â€Å"losing their â€Å"virginity,† and in so doing have tainted the once pure and innocent source of their happiness. Moreover, Tahitians’ unique custom and hospitality involved offering their women – daughters and mothers alike – to male visitors, where they could take their pick from those â€Å"offered† to them in the household. Refusal to accept this offer of generosity and hospitality† was a serious affront to the family, especially to the man of the house. The Europeans must have found this arrangement uncomfortable, strange, but nevertheless welcome, except for their Chaplain. Orou, who had taken in the Chaplain to his household as a guest for the duration of the Europeans’ visit, offered his wife as well as his three daughters to the visitor, much to his astonishment. He had never been this close to temptation, but he did his best to hold on to his beliefs. He repeatedly told them that he could not possibly take what he was being offered because of his religion and calling, to the disbelief and confusion of his host, Orou. He took it as an affront, not understanding the Chaplain’s religion and faith, and questioned him if he thought his (European) customs were better than theirs (Tahitian). However, the story did imply that the Chaplain succumbed to the â€Å"hospitality† of the household. In their conversation, Orou explained that in their land, the sexual act was without malice and was shared as a family, and learned that what Europeans term as incest and adultery were accepted as part of the customs. Moreover, sexual act was viewed as merely an end to procreate as compared to the European norm where the act as a form of pleasure and gratification, were as important as the purpose of procreation. And as such, the purpose of Orou’s offering his daughter to the Chaplain was to help bear a child. Tahitians regard sex mainly as a means to multiply or bear a child, for they equated riches with the number of brood they have in the household. Every new born was an addition to the household’s fortune and was therefore welcome. For Europeans, however, it was not uncommon to regard a child – although well loved – as an expense to the household rather than an additional fortune for they were considered as a source of expense for a long period of time before they could do service in return. Similarly in both cultures, the birth of a child was the occasion of domestic joy. As Europeans see the newborn with all its potential success in the future, Tahitians see in the child a farmer, a fisherman, a hunter, a soldier, a husband and the father. Childbearing was also a status symbol for women. Tahitian women of age who have not yet bore a child was often seen and treated as an inferior to those who already produced children. Therefore, it became the sole purpose of women of the right age, to bear children or procreate lest be considered as barren. Interestingly, while European culture view the union of man and woman as exclusive and the freedom to perform a sexual act commences after marriage, it was the complete opposite in Tahitian culture. For to them, the idea of a man and a woman belonging exclusively to each other for all of their lives was â€Å"opposed to nature and contrary to reason. They saw such exclusivity as going against the general law of existence and violated the freedom of men and women. It was senseless to confine pleasures to a single person, than to give them freedom to choose, for all things in their land belong to all of them. The Law of God vs. Law of Nature It might be safe to say that the root of the difference between the European and Tahitian cultures come mainly from their differences in beliefs and in the laws that they follow, and more importantly the source of those laws. To the Tahitians, the Law of Nature dictates their actions, customs, morals and beliefs. They do not go against what nature has allowed them to do and view it as the more logical and natural approach to life. Their beliefs dictated that Nature’s eternal will was to hold good over evil, and the public good is above the good for one individual. Orou learned from the Chaplain that although God forbids the sin of the flesh, He allowed them to do as they will, and viewed God as someone â€Å"who commands but is never obeyed; who can prevent but does not do so. He did not understand the concept of will power that God gave to human beings, which was fervently believed by the Europeans. Orou questioned the Chaplain furthermore, whether the young men and women in his country never sleep together without permission; and if a woman who has been sworn to belong only to her husband, never give herself to another man, and vice versa? The Chaplain answered with the truth, that yes, they indeed happen. To this, Orou concluded, that Europeans are a bunch of hypocrites for they had beliefs and laws which they did not obey. The beliefs of these two different cultures both held their own merits, although the Tahitians’ beliefs were outrageous from the viewpoint of a European, or modern day person, it did have plenty of logical reasons behind it. They have maintained an unmoving and firm stance on their belief on the laws of nature, and maintained that such simplicity and attachment to nature was the more logical choice of action. Contrary to their simple and spartan beliefs on the laws of nature, Europeans held three codes with high regard, these were: the natural code, the civil code, and the religious. It could be said that not everyone abides by these codes, but Europeans strongly believed in their necessity to maintain peace and happiness. Women of Tahiti vs. Women of Europe In general, as society progresses, so do its taste/preference, viewpoint, and thinking improves. Even historically, Europe has always been at the helm of progress and culture, its women of classic and undeniable beauty. Europeans, as in most part of the world, are of opinion that physical beauty is equitable to brilliant complexion, broad forehead, large eyes, refined and delicate features, a slender waist, a small mouth, small hands and feet. On the other hand, Tahiti had a different standard of beauty, especially in its women. A woman who held promise of a large family was sought after and pursued by men, usually active, intelligent, brave, healthy and robust. A Tahitian woman to her fellow native woman, â€Å"You are beautiful but your children are ugly. I am ugly, but my children are beautiful, and I am the one the men prefer. † This clearly illustrated their standard of beauty and attractiveness. To them, beauty was more of personal qualities, than physical attributes. Again, the quality of childbearing ability was manifested in how they were seen by their fellow natives. Contrary to European women, Tahitian women retain the freedom to choose who they would like to live with, in a household, even after she has had a husband. While European women, like men, were bound by the laws and strict customs, Tahitian women, like their men, were free to separate from their previous marriage without the bindings of the law and disapproval of the society. In situations when the woman had existing children with her previous â€Å"relationship† she simply takes along her children, as dowry, to her new chosen household. In situations when there were multiple children, the parents simply divide among them equally. In Tahiti, barren women are treated as outcasts, simply put it would be hard for these women to be accepted in the society, and thus, attain happiness. Due to the importance that they attribute to child bearing capacity, Tahitian women who lack in the most essential proof of womanhood, became stigmatized by their society. More so because of this, men were not supposed to have sexual activities with them as nothing would be produced by such an action. Barren women even had to wear a black veil at all times to warn the men that they were not worth pursuing. A woman who removed this veil and mingled with men was considered as a loose woman, and the man who raises the veil and had relations with a barren woman was a libertine. In progressive Europe, although barrenness would create a big personal impact on the woman and her husband, t would not be a cause to be stigmatized and labeled by the society. Such simplicity could never be accepted by European women for they held their family dear and would never, in most cases, think of leaving their children behind. It could be safely said, though, that both kinds of women took good care of their husbands. Physical attributes Similarly to the standards of beauty of women, Tahitian men held different views of physical superiority, but not much different from that of European men. It can be safely assumed that people who were not favoured by nature could not be fully happy in Tahiti, but such situation is similar to European society where the beautiful and powerful command greater respect and attention. Similarly to Europeans, Tahitians place high regard to health, beauty, strength, industry and courage as well. However, they believe that their people are more healthy and robust than their European counterparts. They knew not any plague or sickness for their land had always been healthy, save for the diseases that were spread by the Europeans themselves. Admittedly, Tahitians believed that the Europeans were the more intelligent people, but they were healthier and stronger, and only old age could plague them, not diseases. Conclusion Certainly, Tahitians were very different from that of Europeans in every respect. There was a great degree of disagreement between them as to what culture, practices, beliefs and customs were superior. The following summarizes the observations and regard of Tahitians on the ways, beliefs, practices and customs of the Europeans: By the tyranny of man, who has turned the possession of a woman into the right of property; By manners and customs, which have overweighed the conjugal union with conditions; By civil laws, which have subjected marriage to an infinity of formalities; and by the nature of our society, in which the difference of rank and fortune have introduced the proper and improper. † The Tahitian beliefs and customs are completely opposite to every point in the above observation. Indeed, in their land, women held as much freedom as that of men in term of choosing their partners, and the freedom to so choose with whom she would like to live with. Although to a certain extent, they seemed to be as much as properties whenever they were being offered to visitors as a form of hospitality, it should be noted that these women believe and enjoy this practice. Meanwhile, the Europeans were indeed bound and overweighed by the conditions of their unions or marriage, as opposed to the Tahitians who could separate and change partners as they please, and only subject to the agreement between both parties. As they were not tied by any legal bindings, their culture allowed them to do as they please. However, in fairness to the Europeans in regard to the conditions of conjugal union, they would not want it differently as these conditions and formalities protect their relationship and cement their status in the society, as married couple. Unfortunately, society had indeed created a division between the rich and the poor, the powerful and the powerless, the popular and the obscure and other opposites of the spectrum. Meanwhile, the Tahitians know not any division or segregation. Theirs is an example of a society that held equal regard for everyone, albeit, a â€Å"barbaric’ yet unpretentious society. 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Being critical is not about merely making black and white decisions. It means using your judgement on matters that are different shades of grey. This implies that criteria need to be used in ascertaining what it is you want to say about whatever it is that is being adjudicated upon. Assignment 1 is a critical analysis of a concept and various aspects of it in the context of individual behaviour. Analysis is breaking down the concept, like motivation, attitudes, or job satisfaction –any one of the seven mentioned in the course outline under weeks 2-5 will do. In language lab today, Week 2, we searched internet and library for references (textbooks and journals). As a guide, in an assignment at this level I would expect to see as a minimum between 10-15 references, with about 25-30% being texts and the remainder references to journal articles). When a reference is found that may be important or useful then take a note of this, say, in a list using word. The former is more objective and quantitative, which is mostly comprised of multiple-choice questions and hence easier to administer, while the latter rely on heavily on different assumptions about human psychology. (Huczynski Buchanan 2007, p. 137) Types of Personality Assessment Tools Out of the many personality assessment tools available today, the four which will be further discussed will be the DISC Model, Jung’s Personality Type Matrix, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Friedman and Rosenman’s Type A Type B Personalities. There will be an overlay between the mentioned assessment tools and the others that have not been stated. (Richards n. d. ) These assessments aid not only companies when it comes to appraising an employee but also are now available for individuals who want to measure their own capability and learn how to make the most of their strengths. DISC Model The DISC Model originated from Dr. William Moulton Marston’s 1928 book entitled â€Å"Emotions of Normal People†. The term DISC was initially discussed in the book. However, Dr. Marston did not have the intention of creating any sort of assessment tool. It was not till 1972 when researchers from the University of Minnesota developed the abovementioned tool. A number of books have been written and various interpretations on the topic have emerged. Dr. Marston’s idea when he coined the term DISC can be seen as revolving around â€Å"behaviour† and â€Å"situation†. The most generalized outline of the model is as follows. DISC stands for â€Å"dominance†, â€Å"influence†, â€Å"steadiness† and â€Å"compliance†. A person who falls under Dominance and Influence is considered to be generally proactive and extraverted while someone who is under Steadiness and Compliance is somewhat the opposite, reactive and an introvert. Those whose personality is thought to belong to Dominance and Compliance have their focal point to be â€Å"things† whereas that of the people whose personality belongs to Influence and Steadiness is seen as â€Å"people†. (Richards n. d. ) The small connection ends there. A closer look at each of the types could reveal more. An individual who is a type Dominance will have the following attributes. He or she is â€Å"decisive, dominant, self-assured, forceful, task-oriented† and is someone who â€Å"instigates, leads and directs†. His or her main motivation will be the sense of â€Å"responsibility and achievement†. Subsequently, this person â€Å"fears failure and loss of power†. When in a working environment, he or she will have a â€Å"strong focus on tasks† and his or her â€Å"forceful style can upset people†. As for someone who falls under Influence, he or she â€Å"motivates others via influence and persuasion†, â€Å"presents well† and â€Å"inspires others†. He or she possesses â€Å"good communication skills†, as well as the qualities of being â€Å"friendly†, â€Å"affable†, â€Å"intuitive† and â€Å"gregarious†. Recognition and personal approval† are their motivational factors. â€Å"Rejection and loss of reputation† make up their fears. The fact that they emphasize so much on image can result in substance negligence. Anyone belonging to type Steadiness acquires attributes such as â€Å"reliable, depe ndable, process-oriented, listener, friendly, trustworthy, solid, ethical† and â€Å"methodical†. He or she â€Å"finishes what others start and leave† and â€Å"decides according to process†. This person is â€Å"motivated by time, space and continuity to do things properly†. Their fears include â€Å"insecurity and change†. Having this personality type meant that the person depends on the process to such an extent that any signs of changes will be resisted. Lastly, those who are under Compliance are â€Å"painstaking, investigative, curious†, â€Å"correct† and â€Å"detailed†. He or she is a â€Å"checker† and â€Å"decides using facts and figures†. Motivation for them would be â€Å"attention to detail, perfection and truth† whereas fears are â€Å"inaccuracy and unpredictability†. Their â€Å"need for perfection† tends to â€Å"delay or obstruct† them from achieving what is required. (Richards n. d. ) From the above, it can be seen that the DISC model has four main â€Å"type† which describes the certain corresponding personalities. When taking this assessment, one must keep in mind that he or she does not exclusively belong to just one type. This tool identifies the dominant type as well as two supporting types to varying extent which is dependent on the person and the situation. The mixture of the types, dominant and supporting, provides a good illustration of a person’s personality from various perspectives. (Richards n. d. ) Jung’s Personality Type Matrix Carl Gustav Jung, one of the many great personality theorists, is well-known for his work – Jung’s Personality Type Matrix or Jung’s Psychological Types which he derived from the ancient Greek Four Temperaments Model. His approach to this study was from a clinical psychoanalysis perspective. Most of today’s widely used psychometrics, such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, have greatly benefited from Jung’s theories. Jung structured his functional types into four. His four functions of the psyche are Thinking and Feeling, which helps us to decide and judge, and, Sensation and Intuition, which helps us to perceive and gather information. He called the first two functions Rational and the other two, Irrational. (Chapman 2010) Thinking is about â€Å"what something is†. It is about â€Å"meaning and understanding†. It involves â€Å"analytic, objective, principles, standards and criteria†. Feeling is about â€Å"whether it is good or not†. It is about â€Å"weight and value†. It involves â€Å"subjective, personal, valuing, intimacy and humane†. Sensation is knowing that â€Å"something exists†. It can also be referred to as â€Å"sensual perception†. It is â€Å"realistic, down-to-earth, practical and sensible†. Intuition is concerned with â€Å"where it is from and where it is going†. It is about â€Å"possibilities and atmosphere†. It involves â€Å"hunches, future, speculative, fantasy and imaginative†. Further explanations on the four functions are as follows: (Chapman 2010) â€Å"Jungs Thinking function is a rational process of understanding reality, implications, causes and effects in a logical and analytical way. It is systematic, evaluates truth, and is objective to the extent that evaluation is based on personal intelligence and comprehension. † Jungs Feeling function makes judgements on a personal subjective basis. It is a rational process of forming personal subjective opinion about whether something is good or bad, right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable, etc. , and involves sentimentality and humanity. † â€Å"Jungs Sensation function translates signals from the senses into factual data. There is no judgement of right or wrong, good or bad, implications, causes, directions, context, possibilities, themes, or related concepts. Sensation sees what is, as what it is. † Jungs Intuition function translates things, facts and details into larger conceptual pictures, possibilities, opportunities, imaginings, mysticism and new ideas. Intuition largely ignores essential facts and details, logic and truth. † Based on Jung’s Four Functions of the Psyche, his Eight Personality Types came about by adding â€Å"introversion† or â€Å"extraversion† ‘general attitude types’ to the four superior functions. The characteristics of each of these types are as follows. Extraverted Thinking organizes others, implements, plans, is strategic and analytical. Introverted Thinking seeks elf-knowledge, is theoretical, discovering and contemplative. Extraverted Feeling seeks personal and social success, is sentimental and sociable. Introverted Feeling seeks inner intensity, is self-contained, enigmatic a nd inaccessible. Extraverted Sensation is hard-headed, pleasure-seeking, hands-on and practical. Introverted Sensation is an expert, a connoisseur, detached, obsessive and intense. Extraverted Intuition proposes change, seeks novelty, is innovative and adventurous. Introverted Intuition is aloof, mystical, esoteric, visionary and idealistic. These only refer to the principal functions. Once the auxiliary functions, the less dominant functions, come into the picture, it produces sixteen personality types with more in-depth analysis. (Chapman 2010) It is these final types which directly relates to the next assessment tool – the MBTI. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Isabel Briggs Myers, along with her mother, Katherine Briggs, developed the instrument MBTI in the 1940’s which has been based on Carl Jung’s Personality Matrix. All in all, they established sixteen different and distinctive personality types. These types came about through the interactions among one’s preferences. One may figure out his or her personality type by first deciding on his or her preference in each of the following categories: Extraversion (E), focusing on the outer world or Introversion (I), to prefer one’s own inner world. Sensing (S), all about the basic information taken in or Intuition (N), interpreting and adding meaning to the information. In decision-making, Thinking (T), logic and consistency first or Feeling (F), people and the special circumstances. Structure-wise, Judging (J), getting things decided or Perceiving (P), remaining open in case of new information and options. Once the preference has been made, a four-letter code emerges. It could be ISTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, INTJ, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, INTP, ESTP, ESFP, ENFP, ENTP, ESTJ, ESFJ, ENFJ or ENTJ. Each of these types has a corresponding personality description. With the MBTI instrument, there is no such thing as measuring trait ability or character, instead, it sorts for preferences. The main reason why this instrument is the most popular is the fact that hundreds of studies in the past forty years have proven MBTI to be valid and reliable. (The Myers Briggs Foundation n. d. ) Type A – Type B Personalities The very first time the two types of personality were described was in the 1950’s by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and R. H. Rosenham. With reference to Jung’s Matrix, Type A is a left-sided STJ but Type B is a right-sided NFP. (Changingminds. org 2010) The typing is broadly based on anxiety and stress levels. Type A people enjoy constantly working to achieve goals; the more difficult, the better. Their drive to compete can cause them to create the sense of competition. Failure is one thing they try hard to avoid. They are mostly well-educated. On the contrary, Type B work steadily and do not obsess about not achieving what they have set out to do. They are creative; love to explore new ideas. They are often reflective. Challenging a Type A will be very effective whilst a reflective conversation will work better with a Type B. â€Å"Type A personality has become a household word. † (Sharma 1996) According to Dr. Friedman, there are eight major indicators of Type A Behaviour – two psychological and six physical. The psychological signs are:   â€Å"presence of impatience or easily induced hostility† and â€Å"constant apprehension of future disasters†, where the latter is commonly mistaken as a symptom of an anxiety or depressive disorder. The physical signs are: â€Å"excessive perspiration of the forehead and the upper lip†, â€Å"teeth grinding†, â€Å"indentation of the tongue due to its chronic pressure against the top incisor teeth†, â€Å"tic-like retraction of the upper eye lid†, â€Å"tic-like retraction of the corners of the mouth†, and â€Å"brown coloring of the skin of the lower eyelid†. Type A has generated a huge interest in the medical world as it is highly related to coronary heart disease. Here is an excerpt from Moore’s (2001) article: â€Å"Type A people are achievement oriented, irritable, impatient with delays, and seem to be always in a hurry. †¦ In contrast to type As, type B people are less competitive, and more easygoing than their type A counterparts. †¦ While most people do not fall into the extreme ends of the continuum, there are significant numbers of people who do seem to be far more intense and reactive than others. Type As are not only reactive, they are also achievement oriented and highly motivated to succeed. They enjoy challenge and like to know how well they are doing. †¦ More recent research has demonstrated that the feature of type A behavior that is particularly toxic is hostility. † Scott (2007) mentioned in one of her articles that apart from the fact that those exhibiting Type A personality have a higher ri sk at suffering hypertension and heart diseases, they also suffer from job stress and social isolation. These people are usually in â€Å"stressful, demanding jobs†. They, too, tend to distance themselves from others as they focus on their career more than they do on personal relationships. Many researches do believe that it is the environment that caused certain people to develop Type A personalities. As part of their personality, Type As are able to perform well in the workplace because they are high-achievers. (Larson 2009) This is why they hold increasingly high-powered positions. As a result, they find it hard to relax, they are aggressive, they have the tendency to interrupt and they lose sleep frequently. In an office environment, these characteristics can lead to high levels of success but the same can also lead to Type As own pitfalls. They have emphasis on quantity over quality. They are unable to appreciate their own achievements. However, they make great leaders since they work well under pressure. Character Personality Analysis From the 2006 movie, The Devil wears Prada, the character played by Meryl Streep is Miranda Priestly, the Editor-In-Chief for Runway – a supposedly top New York fashion Magazine. (Huntley 2009) Anyone could easily tell that she exhibits most of, if not all, of a Type A personality. If it were from the DISC model’s perspective, she would fall under the Dominance category while belonging to the typology of Jung’s STJ or the MBTI’s ISTJ. To categorize here in the boss type, she would be the â€Å"tin man† boss with an axe. Her first love would have to be power. She is very career-oriented whose goals and objectives are extremely translucent. For her, â€Å"what is to be done, is to be done†, the word unfeasible does not exist. When in doubt, never approach her as she does not like people boring her with questions of how, what and where. Famous for being unpredictable, she does not care for other’s incompetence and is intimidating to the extent that people cannot even be in the same lift as her. It is rather hard to please or impress her. Career-wise, she is an A+ yet as a person, she fails. With her profession the first priority in her life, she has had a broken marriage, twice, and a distorted family life. Despite that, her most valuable assets to her are her twin daughter who she cares for dearly. She indeed lacks personal life. Tagged as â€Å"the dragon lady†, she rarely shows emotions and strongly believes that life is all about the choices you make. Being the powerful lady ruling the kingdom of fashion, she keeps her staff and the fashion world under her thumb. Her actions indeed speak louder than her words because she can make a top designer recreate a whole collection all over again just by pursing her lips. She draws contentment from other’s misery. Her disbelief in positive reinforcement has led to a high number of assistants quitting. She is the kind of boss who has no room for lazy employees. A perfectionist, she does not care who she steps on when on her way to the top. Not to forget, sleek and slender Miranda always has to have her Hermes scarf on. It can be seen that Miranda’s personality does fit her role to some extent. Due to the nature of her job, her business environment matters a lot. Although she is very dominating, the people under her accept that and submit to her wishes as if left with no other choice. It is all about power at the end of the day especially in a high-powered position like that of an Editor-In-Chief. Many people have come to believe that Miranda Priestly has been based on real-life Editor-In-Chief for Vogue Magazine, Anna Wintour. Topsynergy. com (2003) discussed the personalities that are evident in Anna Wintour. She is a perfect example to be displaying Type A behavior which to some extent is relevant to the position she holds and the competitive industry she is in. Describing Wintour in the words of Topsynergy. com; â€Å"Cautious, prudent, and rather self-contained †¦ approaches life realistically †¦ rarely spontaneous †¦ pragmatic, shrewd, and an excellent strategist †¦ very ambitious, but quietly so †¦ emotionally detached †¦ stern, authoritarian, no-nonsense aspect to her personality †¦ her personal relationships may seem constantly in flux †¦ direct, honest, and to the point some might say excessively so †¦Ã¢â‚¬  There is this contact argument that it is the environment that shapes people’s personality while others believe our personality has to find the kind of environment to which they suit best and perform to their optimum potential. For the latter, the abovementioned psychometric tests help employers, managers and common staff alike to gain insight to any individual’s personality. This is very essential in today’s organizations especially since the level of competition has never been higher.