James M. Cains Novel Mildred Pierce: Comparing the Book and Movie Ver

James M. Cain's Novel Mildred Pierce: Comparing the Book and Movie Version Mildred Pierce is one of the greatest novels written by James M. Cain. After the success of the novel, the Hollywood film came out, produced by Jerry Wald. The novel and the movie are very different from each other. â€Å"James M. Cain sent several letters of complaint to producer Jerry Wald, objecting to the changes Wald wanted to make, especially the dramatic idea of making Veda a washout musically and putting her in a tawdry nightclub† (Bennett Notes). The three main differences in the film were, the murder of Monte, Veda not having a successful career, and the time period only covering 1941 to 1945. The main difference between the film and the novel was the murder that Hollywood added. Right when the film begins, it starts making the viewer think about who the killer is already. The novel doesn’t make the reader guess in any aspect. Jerry Wald makes the viewer think that Mildred is the killer at first, especially because she tries to commit suicide in the beginning of the film. Then it makes the viewer think that Bert is the killer for a while. Finally, the real killer is revealed at the end of the movie, which turns out to be Veda. The best thing about the movie was that it kept you guessing until the end. â€Å"Throughout the film we are never certain that Mildred is not Monte’s murderer. Even when she is cleared, she is not exculpated† (LaValley 12). Mildred tries to cover up for Veda again, by telling the cops that she killed Monte. The cops tell her that she can’t get her daughter off the hook this time. Finally, Veda ends up paying th e consenquences for her action and goes to jail. Another big difference between the novel and ... ...vel was how the characters would survive the Depression, and how they would make money. â€Å"As the Depression deepened in 1932, jobs were few and far between. More than 10 million Americans were out of work† (Strock 12). The film’s plot was totally different, which mainly focused on who killed Monte. Works Cited Bennett, Bsabas A. Joan Crawford Online-Films:Mildred Pierce. 26 May. 2002. 30 May.2002 http://www.joancrawfordonline.com/films/m/mildred/mildredpierce.html. Joan Crawford Filmography. October, 2001. May 25, 2002. http://www.lynnpdesign.com/classicmovies/crawford/mildred.html. LaValley, Albert. Mildred Pierce. Madison, Wisconson: The University of Wisconson Press, 1980. Skenazy, Paul. James M. Cain. New York, NY: The Continuum Publishing Company, 1989. Strock, Clancy. ‘We Had Everything But Money’. Greendale, WI: Roy Reiman

Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Legal System Essay

â€Å"World order† is the term given to the balance of power among the nation states of the world. Differences between these nations can lead to a power imbalance, which affects world order. It can best be achieved through agreements between states and other international instruments that set out the ideal international standards of behavior for states on a number of issues. But conflicts arise between countries due to differences in cultural attitudes and the desire for extra territory. In order to settle such disputes the international community has legal bodies such as the United Nations to cooperate with countries to find solutions and be a leader in settling and spreading ethical standards. Their prime aim is to promote world order. But for society not only the autonomy of nations and the lack of enforcement power but also a range of other factors limit the effectiveness of such an organisations. Each country has its own perspective on world order and not all meets eye to eye. But it can be argued that world order is a necessity in today’s society. There are many conflicts between majorities and minorities or nation against nation that can take many forms such as guerilla, military and nuclear warfare. An example of a military conflict was the Gulf war between Iraq and the UN lead forces concerning the occupation of Kuwait. But not all conflicts fit into the category of direct confrontation; some arise when a group ignores the needs of another or exploits them. For example after a long civil war in 1996 when the Taliban took control of Afghanistan. Many measures severely restricted women’s rights and alienated other Afghans. Due to an imbalance of economic power further conflicts can arise such as when a third world country cannot compete with developed nations because of the lack of capital they possess. When a dominant group expands its power by taking over territory and increasing its population and its resources, it is called expansion, which affects the international power structure that can possibly threaten world order. Even though it can be achieved through peaceful practices it mainly takes form in a conflict. In a stable global environment, interdependence, this means that nations rely upon others, can have favorable outcomes. But in an unstable world order, it can lead to conflict and the possible subjugation of weaker nations. Throughout history, local communities and indigenous people have suffered dramatically from conflict and expansion as more dominant groups have both directly and indirectly damaged their culture through the loss of customs, social structure and language. International crimes are criminal acts that have international repercussions on people, state, peace, law and enforcement of international law. The ICC has the jurisdiction over some international crimes. Such international crimes include apartheid (South Africa), genocide (Rwanda), Crimes against humanity (Former Yugoslavia), war crimes (Kosovo), piracy and hijacking. In the international sphere, force plays an important role in maintaining law and order which are critical in the success of world order. The use of force is seen as the most obvious way to maintain order and prevent or resolve conflicts. But it comes with such negatives as being highly expensive and costly in terms of the civilians and soldiers lost. Over the last century two world organisations have been established to prevent war and have legal authority to use force in certain circumstances. After World War One in 1920 the League of Nations was created as a place where governments could bring their disputes. But the L of N had no automatic right to intervene and most governments didn’t agree in bringing disputes before it. With limited membership and those that were members weren’t accustomed to working together, it was flawed. It was however able to make progress in the suppression of slavery, world health, the protection and care for refugees and settling minor disputes. But once the 1930’s began it cease to have any political relevance. After the failure of the League of Nations the United Nations formed, which founded a charter that outlined its purpose and methods of achieving it’s goals. The Un charter (1945) enshrined the idea that force or the threat of force should not be the norm in international relations. Although they were realistic enough to realise that force would sometimes be used. The UN was deliberately created as a more ambitious organisation and has six main organs: The Security Council, the General Assembly, Secretariat, the Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice and Trusteeship Council. Membership is based on whether the nation state is â€Å"peace loving† and willing to accept all the obligations of the UN Charter. The Security Council consists of fifteen member states with only five permanent members, which have the power to veto majority decisions. These five permanent members are Britain, France, USA, China and Russian Federation, which reflect the dominance each has in the world order (except Russia). The UN gives the Security Council, which is responsible for international peace and security, two ways of dealing with a threat to world peace. The first involves the use of peaceful methods such as economic sanctions. The second involves the use of armed forces. Peacekeeping is defined by as: The maintenance of international peace using formed troops under UN control to prevent the outbreak or renewal of fighting or by stabilising a situation sufficiently to promote peace. † – Butterworths Australian Legal Dictionary. The Un Peacekeepers are an assembly of a very diverse, international group of soldiers and civilians, which assists in settling disputes that restores the peace in an area. However it doesn’t constitute an army as often they are made up of doctors, nurses and pilots. In many situations UN peacekeepers help clear landmines, train civilians and even monitor elections. For example in Namibia, the UN peacekeepers supervised a democratic election, which lead to the county’s sovereignty. The presence of peacekeepers can have positive affects such as the limit in the spread of violence in Haiti and Cyprus, but in other places they have been less successful i. e. the UN peacekeeping in Somalia in 1992. As Somalia fell into clan-based civil war, the country collapsed and the UN was unable to restore peace and eventually departed as Somalia remained in chaos. Originally the five permanent members of the Security Council were meant to coordinate the peacekeeping forces. But in reality they are conducted outside the UN’s regular budget, where national governments deployed troops to the peacekeeping efforts. Much of the peacekeeping is done by Ireland, Sweden and Australia. Australia has contributed either military forces or police to 54 peacekeeping forces and in 1999-2000 Australia played a leading role in reestablishing order in East Timor. Australia has also conducted peacekeeping efforts outside of the UN’s operation in Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. On the other hand the UN peacekeepers are limited in their effectiveness as they can only use force in self-defense, therefore they cannot directly intervene unless they are shot at and made themselves targets of conflict. Due to the dominance of some states in the world order, there is no equal treatment between nations states, which are members of the UN. Even though the UN charter states that there must be equality, in practice it does not exist. Due to the nature of certain UN bodies it is inevitable that smaller states are marginalized. However the situating of the United Nations in New York enables every member to sit side by side and have an immediate translation of languages, which breaks down barriers to communication. The UN has successfully raised the conscience of human rights through its conventions and the attention to specific abuses through its resolutions. But its ability to function is hampered by its financial problems as it is expected to govern the country on $8 billion per year, which is less than the amount of money the world spends on defense each week. It is resource ineffective as it ahs gone deeper in to debt as countries are slow to pay. Its enforceability is limited as it lacks the power to sufficient apply equal force to every nation should members ignore UN resolutions. War is not the only means of ending a conflict; a more peaceful method is through international tribunals. The International Court of Justice is an arm of the UN and is therefore one of the worlds main judicial bodies. Established in 1946, it is sometime referred to as the ‘world court. With its jurisdiction applies when it is in accordance with international law. Its primary role is to decide matters submitted by countries and to advise on the matters. It can also apply its authority when there is a special agreement about a dispute in which the parties to a treaty nominate the ICJ as the mechanism for resolution. The ICJ is a permanent court where 15 judges are elected by the UN Security Council and the General assembly. Not only can the ICJ resolve disputes by making a ruling, it can also generate political pressure to persuade countries to alter their behavior. In theory, the courts decisions are binding and without appeal. However in practice the losing party unwilling to abide by the ruling and the Security Council often limits its effectiveness is restricted to enforce the ruling. For example in the case of the US versus Nicaragua (1984), the decision stated that the US had to cease unlawful terrorist activities against Nicaragua and ordered that the US pay reparation. However they refused to pay and subsequently withdrew from the ICJ. But one of the main limitations the ICJ has is that only states can be parties to cases before the court. No individual, organisation or company can bring forth a matter. Plus both parties need to agree to have the court hear the matter. This is a dilemma in itself as the rulings are final and no country is going to openly dispute the matter where there is a possibility of losing. Its restrictive power reduces its ability to take initiatives and its lack of power to enforce and police its decisions has become a major criticism. The International Criminal Court ICC was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for committing genocide, crimes against humanity, crimes of aggression and war crimes. The ICC is a treaty based, legal entity independent from the UN. Despite this autonomy it works closely with the UN to promote the rule of law. The ICC has the power to imprison the offender if found guilty for life but does not offer the death penalty. One of the main objectives to the ICC is that some countries believe that there is little supervision of the court’s apparatuses and the verdicts may become subject to political matters. For the ICC, it has taken four years for the required sixty signatures to be gained and the treaty ratified. The United States of America can undermine the proceedings of the court by refusing to supply evidence and witnesses, like any other country can. During the 1990’s several atrocities where occurring in the Balkans and Africa. This resulted in specialist tribunals developed to deal with the specific investigations. War crimes and crimes against humanity were happening in former Yugoslavia. Thus in 1993 the UN Security Council created a new war crimes tribunal. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) had the jurisdiction over breaches of the Geneva Conventions and international customary law. On 12 February 2002, Slobodan Milosevic, the former president of Yugoslavia was charged of the planning and implementing, on a widespread and systematic scale and attack on the civilian population of Kosovo. Kosovo, which was a province of Serbia, had a majority population of Muslim Albanians and Slobodan was accused of leading a campaign of â€Å"ethnical cleansing†. This was the first time a former head of state had faced charges of crimes against humanity. Unfortunately Milosevic died in 2006 before his trial concluded. The fact that the ICTY tried Slobodan, illustrate that justice can be achieved when nations cooperate with the international community. In Africa, more specifically Rwanda, genocide was occurring between the two main ethnic groups the Hutu and Tutsis. Based on the ICTY model in 1994 the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was established to prosecute those responsible for genocide in the republic. This tribunal was instated in response to over whelming pressures and has started a series of trials. These Ad Hoc tribunals have one specific purpose and may take time to be established which could mean the loss of thousands of lives. It is not a permanent body and will disband once trials have concluded. Sometimes as in the case with the ICTY where the main target is one person, it can suppress other investigations as most of its resources may be deployed in trailing that one person. The nature of Ad Hoc has proved to be cost ineffective and time consuming. International instruments such as treaties and customary law form the principle source of international law and are some measures of achieving world order. Treaties, which can also be called conventions, statutes or charters, are binding agreements. They formalise the process where by governments through international agencies work together on common problems. The two types of treaties are bilateral and multilateral treaties in where states agree on terms and the parties are therefore bond by it. Since 1945 there has been some significant treaties signed that are an indispensable part of the current world order

Childhood Anxiety Disorders Is The Role Of Fathers Been...

The research article written by Juliette M. Liber, Brigit M. van Widenfelt, and Arnold W. Goedhart, et.al, Parenting and Parental Anxiety and Depression as Predictors of Treatment Outcome for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: Has the Role of Fathers Been Underestimated? Gives a hypothesis from previous researches that had been done that childhood anxiety disorders led to adult anxiety disorders and that many children aren’t responding to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, (CBT). Based off of previous research it has been suggested that there is a link between parenting styles and anxiety in children. It has also been suggested that parental depressive symptoms have a significant predicting factor that treatment would fail later in the study. There†¦show more content†¦Kids that had been chosen either had separation anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SOP), or specific phobia (SP). However if the child had an IQ of eighty-five or below the y were excluded from the research, other exclusions included that the child must have a good command in Dutch language, must not have any serious diseases or substance abuses disorders, or psychotic disorders. Also children with OCD and panic disorders were excluded because CBT does not normally help these problems anyway. The final subjects consisted of one hundred and forty-two children, ages eight to twelve with anxiety disorders, one hundred twenty-three mothers and one hundred and eight fathers. Getting into the process of how the research was done the kids was given FRIENDS program, which is a workbook that targets three areas: physical symptoms, cognitive processes, and coping skills. Kids were taught relaxation techniques, positive self-talk and coping/problem solving skills. After this fears were explored in more depth gradually and with attempts to handle these fears a positive reward was given. The FRIENDS treatment was made up of ten weekly sessions for kids in groups and done also individually. The parents had only four sessions focusing on psychoeducation. The measures that were used consisted of Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS) in a parent and child version done at both pre and post treatment. Multidimensional Anxiety Scale forShow MoreRelatedProblems of Society (Law, Crime, Punishment)7483 Words   |  30 PagesThe term, or the period, that the convict has to spend in the prison depends on several factors, most prominent ones being the area of jurisdic tion and severity of the crime. Even though it is the most common form of punishment, even imprisonment has been subjected to intense criticism as a result of incidents wherein people falsely accused of a crime had to spend life term in prison. Probation Yet another widely used form of punishment, probation is most often used in lieu of imprisonment. A personRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Notes7715 Words   |  31 Pagesfeelings and points of view that differ from theirs. Emergence of intuitive thought – use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world Piaget limitations – researched based on few children, it’s been found that Piaget underestimated children’s capabilities * cognitive skills develop more in a continuous manner, developmental changes are more quantitative in nature, improving gradually. * Conservation theory has not stood up to careful experimental scrutiny Read MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 PagesSummer 2012 Final Exam Study Guide NOTE: Your final exam will consist of 100 questions selected from the following, as well as selected questions from in-class tests on Food Addiction and on The Joyful Mind; correct answers to those tests have already been posted to the doc sharing portion of the Ecompanion Website. You can use the answers to check the answers you gave on your chapter study tests. Your final exam is on Wednesday, September 12, 2012; You will have from 8:15AM to 9:45AM to complete theRead MoreExplain the Principal Psychological Perspectives Applied to the Understanding of the Development of Individuals7716 Words   |  31 Pagesdevelopmental capacity. Therefore they may not have learnt as effective as they could, as they may have been taught above or below their capacity. However with that said it has been suggested that his stages of development underestimate a child’s ability, as a child can be capable of these things at an earlier age. As a result of that it can be detrimental to their overa ll development. With that said there have been many criticisms of this approach, by different psychologists such as Bower,Vygotsky, HughesRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesand you are uncertain how to make your ap.... plication stand out. We understand. We have been in your shoes. This book seeks to demystifythe admissions process for applicants by providing a selective but robust sample of HBS essaysthat have sue, cessfullysurvived the admissions committee in the past. We aspire to show you a variety of writing styles, essay responses, and applicant backgrounds that have been successful in the past, but there are no foolproofprescriptions, shorts cuts, or magic formulasRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesrequest to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesAssociated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 2007  © Pearson Education Limited 2007 The rights of Joanne Duberley, Phil Johnson and John McAuley to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopyingRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesVietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other c ountries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permissionRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesWadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California USA in 1993 with ISBN number 0-534-17688-7. When Wadsworth decided no longer to print the book, they returned their publishing rights to the original author, Bradley Dowden. The current version has been significantly revised. If you would like to suggest changes to the text, the author would appreciate your writing to him at dowden@csus.edu. iv Praise Comments on the earlier 1993 edition, published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, which

The Adoption Of The United States - 1310 Words

Before the 1970’s adoption between race was not popular. Then suddenly there was a shortage of Caucasian babies and parents trying to adopt had to look elsewhere. Many factors took place for the shortage to happen including the legalization of abortion in 1973, the increased use of contraceptives, and the changing social attitudes that led more unmarried white women to keep their children rather than give them up for adoption (â€Å"Adoption†). In 1994 Congress passed the Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA), prohibiting any federally assisted adoption agency from denying an adoption based on the race of the child or of the adoptive parents. In 1996 this act was amended by the Interethnic Adoption Provisions (IEP), which allows agencies to†¦show more content†¦Same-sex adoptions are when a gay or lesbian couple decides since they are unable to conceive that they would like the same opportunities as everyone else and adopt a child. There are many people who do not s upport this. The reason for their unsupportiveness is that they think they just aren’t a right fit for children. Others though say that a child’s welfare is better served in a family environment with two parents, regardless of the parents’ sexual orientation (â€Å"Adoption). In the article, â€Å"Birth Mother wins return of toddler after ‘adoption by lesbian couple†, it tells a story of a deaf mother giving birth to a child and then having it be adopted by a lesbian couple only to take it away three years later. All three women had the exact same disability and that is why the birthmother aloud her daughter to be adopted from them. The birth mother thought that she would be unable to care for her child but later on found out she would be able to provide for her daughter. Although this situation was unique because they did not go through an adoption agency the lesbian mothers showed very clearly that they could take care of the child. They had care d for the girl from the minute she was born until the day the birth mother took her back. The couple even lived in the birth mothers house for the last few months of her pregnancy and practical raised the birth mothers children. After all this though the court still ruled that the couple was unfit to

Gifted and Talented Program Admissions Needed...

Gifted and Talented Program Admissions: Needed Improvements and Reforms Gifted and talented programs are intrinsically valuable to many children’s education as they provide a system in which all students involved are engaged, challenged, and intellectually stimulated. In How People Learn, Donovan, Bransford, and Pellegrino (1999) stress the importance of each student being given reasonable and appropriate goals based on his or her level of understanding and competency (p. 20). Gifted and talented programs help institutionalize the attempt to meet all student’s needs by providing uniquely appropriate challenges which aim to keep every student engaged, thus receiving the best chance at success. Although there are many valuable and†¦show more content†¦These areas are: General intellectual ability Specific academic aptitude Creative or productive thinking Leadership ability Visual and performing arts Psychomotor ability (Eby and Smutny, 1990, p. 4) The United States Congress has slightly altered the definition of giftedness presented in 1972, mainly to remedy the problem that talent was being too narrowly defined, but even in recent revisions the first five characteristics listed in the Marland Report remain almost exactly the same, the only one that has been removed is the sixth: psychomotor ability. This last characteristic was removed from the list because officials felt that school athletic programs could meet students’ needs in that specific area and that gifted and talented programs should be instituted to help develop skills and capabilities which are not being satisfactorily provided by a school’s standard curriculum and programs (Eby and Smutny, 1990, p. 5). Defining these five or six areas as the guidelines for evaluating talent is not problematic. What is troublesome is that most gifted and talent program admissions are based on a high stakes type of IQ test, rather than any combination of the character istics decided by US officials to define talent (Shore, Cornell, Robinson, and Ward, 1991, p. 42). Although using one IQ based test for admittanceShow MoreRelatedIntroduction. A Resounding â€Å"Thank You† Is Directed Toward1514 Words   |  7 Pagesparents of â€Å"over-achievers whose children are often in gifted and talented in classrooms† (Rees, 2015). The other end rests the opposition, a mix of public school parents and teachers, who say the CCSS requires â€Å"too much focus on testing, stifles creativity, violates state rights, and is just too difficult for students† (Shanahan, 2015). The opposition believes CCSS makes it more difficult for gifted students to stand out for college admissions. 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All educational programs in France are regulated by the Ministry of National Education. Schooling in France is mandatory as of age 6, the first year of primary school while secondary education consists of collà ¨ge for the first four years after primary school and the lycà ©eRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesof California, Mr. STARK, Mr. PALLONE, and Mr. ANDREWS) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on Education and Labor, Ways and Means, Oversight and Government Reform, the Budget, Rules, Natural Resources, and the Judiciary, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned A BILL To provideRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesDo We Have a Shortage of Skilled Labor? 14 Why Do Organizations Lay Off Employees during Shortages? 15 How Do Organizations Balance Labor Supply? 15 Issues Contingent Workers Create for HRM 16 Continuous Improvement Programs 18 Work Process Engineering 19 How HRM Can Support Improvement Programs 19 How HRM Assists in Work Process Engineering 19 Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Strategic HRM 28 Learning Outcomes 28 Introduction 30 Why Is HRM Important to an Organization? 30 DID YOU KNOW?: A ManagementRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢ Effective Diversity Programs 58 Summary and Implications for Managers 60 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older People? 40 Myth or Science? â€Å"Dual-Career Couples Divorce Less† 47 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos 51 glOBalization! Images of Diversity

Robot Samantha Moral Judgment The Nonsense -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Robot Samantha Moral Judgment The Nonsense? Answer: Introduction AI and Robotics have developed extensively in the past; three different variations of an AI? Robotics concept is discussed in this paper; reactive machines AI, limited memory AI, and theory of mind AI robotics. Reactive machine robots are basic, purely reactive AI systems and cannot use past experiences or form memories to inform present decisions. An example is the IBM chess player supercomputer, the Deep Blue, that defeated the world chess grandmaster (Kasparov) (Hintze, 2016). Limited memory AI robots are those that can draw from the past and learn from present situations, Adding this knowledge to their preprogrammed representations of reality; an example is in the fast growing field of self driving cars, that basically use AI. However, they are limited because the memory they use is just transient (Hintze, 2016). Theory of mind AI/ robotics are the futuristic next generation AI robots that can form representations concerning the world, as well as concerning other agents in the world. Such robots can make judgments, and have emotion, while also being able to understand human emotion and respond accordingly; and example is the s3x robot Samantha (Brown, 2018) References Brown, M. (2018).Sex Robot Samantha's 'Moral Judgment' AI is "Nonsense": Experts Tell Us Why. [online] Inverse. Available at: https://www.inverse.com/article/40023-sex-robot-samantha-ai-moral-code [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Hintze, A. (2016).Understanding the four types of AI, from reactive robots to self-aware beings. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/understanding-the-four-types-of-ai-from-reactive-robots-to-self-aware-beings-67616 [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018].

Research Paper on Professional Sports Essay Example

Research Paper on Professional Sports Essay Professional Sports Research Paper This research is devoted to the central issues of professional sports in the USA. We are going to consider matters connected with the historical development of the professional sports, the difference between amateur and professional sports, principal components and problems, views of different researchers, professional sports and women and some other aspects. In conclusion, we will try to summarize the main ideas and questions highlighted in the research. The whole time of person’s activity we could divide into work time and leisure time. Starting from the old time people had to perform some portion of hard work to get their rest time and spend it in the way they like. There were the so-called Sabbath days, which were a reason to stop every day struggle for food and shelter and have a rest. Catholic immigrants were the first to break the religion’s traditions and devote their day off to picnics and sports. During the process of industrialization more and more people were occupied with mental work, including little physical movements. It was the main reason why most people wanted to devote their free time to some physical activities with their friends and families. In the middle of the 19th century, these physical activities started to turn into organized sports. Before Americans certainly had sports competitions, but without strict organization. From Europe were borrowed horse racing and ball games, during the second hal f of the 19th-century spectator sports like professional athletics started to appear. For example, the first curling club appeared in 1845, and in 1880 German immigrants organized bowing clubs. From the year 1820 people in America started to talk about a game where a bat, a ball and a base were used. By 1845 the order was brought into the rules or the game, which was called baseball. During 1890s football used to be a popular college game, but the first Football League was established only in 1940. The first National Basketball Leagues was formed in 1937, and three corporations did it. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Professional Sports specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Professional Sports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Professional Sports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is essential to understand the difference between amateur and professional sports. The American nation is called unique in this correlation because the connection between secondary and tertiary education and sports is solid like nowhere else in the world. There are special athletic programs for students, there is plenty of youth sports clubs, and for those who finish their education and do not feel able to take up professional sports, there are minor league systems for baseball and hockey for example. â€Å"Especially in basketball and football, high school and particularly college sports are followed with a fervor equaling or exceeding that felt for professional sports; college football games can draw six-digit crowds and, for upper-tier schools, sports are a significant source of revenue† (Shropshire, 99). Talking about professional sports we have to mention that most of the sports leagues exist as associations of franchises. Every year there are around 30-32 teams to tak e part in the event, and at some point in time they are moved to another place or leagues can be extended through new franchises. Practically all sports leagues in the USA have the same basic plan of events. As soon as the regular season is over, the best teams (8-16) take part in the playoff tournament, followed by championship series. There is a difference between the cups of professional leagues in Europe and America. Even if we are talking about soccer, really few soccer fans would know about cup competition. â€Å"Also, major-league professional teams in the U.S. never play teams from other organizations in meaningful games, although NBA teams have played European teams in preseason exhibitions on a semi-regular basis† (Rader, 12-13). In the sphere of professional sports, it is necessary to pay attention to the relationship between players and team owners. This type of relations is under some certain contract principles. There is a model contract for players and owners – Standard Player’s Contract – that most of sports leagues have. In case of necessity for some talented sportsmen, the contract can be modified. If the salary of a sportsman is high enough he can have a personal agent for representing him. To control their activity, there was created a system of registration at some administrative agency. Women had also taken an active part in sports events, and some managed even to build their career in this sphere. What is noticeable about women professional sports is the fact that individual sports developed much earlier and quicker than team sports. The oldest history of women professional sports has golf. LPGA – Ladies Professional Golf Association was created in the 1950s. In 20 years it could be already called an international standard organization. In 1959 the Professional Women’s Bowling Association was created, in 1976 – The Women’s Professional Billiard Association. The main reason, why women team sports developed later was those hard times of stabilization. But at any rate, as time passed the image of purely masculine team sports was changed and women teams sports leagues started to appear. â€Å"As we have seen, individual professional sports, such as golf and tennis, have been a success and taken root in the United States. However, as for tea m sports, most of the women’s leagues and organizations have struggled to survive, except that WNBA has started to gain public’s attention recently. WNBA’s success can be attributed to the fact that women’s sports have been gradually accepted in the U.S. society. Once the organizations and systems are formed to pave the way for further acceptance, the next step will be to take a substantial action.† (Sage, 55). Since sports events were of great interest not only to players but spectators as well, sports became an important theme of broadcasting already during the times when radio appeared. With the development of television, networks had to pay huge amounts of money for the right to broadcast some sports competitions and other events. â€Å"Contracts between leagues and broadcasters stipulate how often games must be interrupted for commercials. Because of all of the advertisements, broadcasting contracts are very lucrative and account for the biggest chunk of pro teams’ revenues. Teams do not cover their fields and uniforms with sponsors’ logos as European teams often do (Shropshire, 11). After cable and satellite television occupied their places on American TV, people got more opportunities to follow sports. Although the size of sports market in the USA is rather big, there is no national daily newspaper devoted to sports events. The main reason for this is the division for time zones and some games on the West coast last longer than early morning in the East, and thus it is not always possible to provide information about scores and games in time. But there is a plenty of sports magazines, one of the best is considered to be Sports Illustrated. As all over the world in the United States, professional sports are connected with promotion and relegation. Relegation – â€Å"(or demotion) means the mandated transfer of the least successful team(s) of a higher division into a lower division at the end of the season. Usually, an equal number of most successful team(s) from the lower division enjoy the different procedure, promotion, but the number of teams relegated and promoted may differ. For example in 1995 the English Premier League reduced its numbers by two, relegating four teams while only allowing two promotions† (Rader, 25). With the help of promotion and relegation, the professional teams are rearranged from time to time according to their level. However, some teams avoided this system, as they were not promoted and relegated as in North America there was the practice of sending the professional sports teams directly from universities. Professional sport is a kind of entertainment only for spectators, for people why are engaged in the professional sport – this is their job and sometimes even their life. Management of professional sports teams and leagues forms a separate branch of business. Thus professional leagues and teams have to consider public issues as well. â€Å"As such, hiring practices of these institutions should be of societal concern. Franchises impact the lives of not only those whom they employ but entire cities as well. From the construction and operation of stadiums to the local merchants who take care of the fans, sports teams greatly affect a city’s economy. A glance at the rosters can quickly show what the players’ demographics are, but a closer look is needed to see the racial and gender makeup of these various teams and leagues.† (Sage, 100). Traditionally professional sportsmen were male and most of Caucasian and African-American origins. Only after some professional sports organizations for women appeared, this contributed to the development of participation opportunities for women. Thus any not correct hiring practice can influence the social popularity of this or that league or organization negatively. â€Å"An early report of Northeastern University of the Study of Sport in Society in 1992 found that the top management hiring practices of the NBA earned a B-, the NFL a C, and MLB an F (Clay, 1994). In a more comprehensive 1997 report, the overall grades for the three sports leagues were NBA an A, NFL a B, and MLB a C. In terms of playing opportunities for minorities the NFL and NBA each earned A+ grades, while MLB received an A. Coaching opportunities found the NBA leading the way again with an A, the NFL received a C+, and MLB a B. No league fared exceptionally well regarding top management positions held by minori ties† (Sage, 255). On the other hand, it is not so easy to judge the way how they hire people, because the choice, in this case, can not be based purely on social status or origin of a sportsman, first of all, his professional qualities are to be taken into consideration. Overall, in this research of professional sports in the USA we tried to briefly consider such issues like: historical development of professional sports, the difference between professional and amateur sports, the way women are involved in professional sports, what are the ways of spreading information about sport event in the United States, some social problems connected with hiring personnel to professional teams and leagues.